cardiomyopathy
HP:0001638 · SaudiVarKB evidence summary derived from retained literature mentions.
618Phenotype mentions
100Publications
50Associated gene records
50Associated variant records
Associated gene records
Co-mentioned in the same publications| Gene | Identifier / context | Articles | Mentions |
|---|---|---|---|
| SIRT1 | HGNC:14929 | 5 | 5 |
| MYH7 | HGNC:7577 | 5 | 5 |
| DSP | HGNC:3052 | 5 | 5 |
| SCN5A | HGNC:10593 | 5 | 5 |
| ACADVL | HGNC:92 | 4 | 4 |
| NLRP3 | HGNC:16400 | 4 | 4 |
| MYBPC3 | HGNC:7551 | 4 | 4 |
| GLA | HGNC:4296 | 4 | 4 |
| LMNA | HGNC:6636 | 4 | 4 |
| ALMS1 | HGNC:428 | 4 | 4 |
| TLR4 | HGNC:11850 | 4 | 4 |
| TTR | HGNC:12405 | 3 | 3 |
| EPG5 | HGNC:29331 | 3 | 3 |
| ELAC2 | HGNC:14198 | 3 | 3 |
| FBXO32 | HGNC:16731 | 3 | 3 |
| FLNC | HGNC:3756 | 3 | 3 |
| MYL2 | HGNC:7583 | 3 | 3 |
| CD163 | HGNC:1631 | 3 | 3 |
| TNF | HGNC:11892 | 2 | 2 |
| PRKAG2 | HGNC:9386 | 2 | 2 |
| STAT3 | HGNC:11364 | 2 | 2 |
| PGM1 | HGNC:8905 | 2 | 2 |
| NRAP | HGNC:7988 | 2 | 2 |
| BRAF | HGNC:1097 | 2 | 2 |
| ATP7A | HGNC:869 | 2 | 2 |
| TPM1 | HGNC:12010 | 2 | 2 |
| FBXL4 | HGNC:13601 | 2 | 2 |
| TNNI3K | HGNC:19661 | 2 | 2 |
| PARS2 | HGNC:30563 | 2 | 2 |
| SLMAP | HGNC:16643 | 2 | 2 |
| FOXO1 | HGNC:3819 | 2 | 2 |
| FHL1 | HGNC:3702 | 2 | 2 |
| GRK5 | HGNC:4544 | 2 | 2 |
| NDUFV1 | HGNC:7716 | 2 | 2 |
| PKP2 | HGNC:9024 | 2 | 2 |
| SLC22A5 | HGNC:10969 | 2 | 2 |
| NRAS | HGNC:7989 | 2 | 2 |
| CD68 | HGNC:1693 | 2 | 2 |
| GATA4 | HGNC:4173 | 2 | 2 |
| HRAS | HGNC:5173 | 2 | 2 |
| LIAS | HGNC:16429 | 2 | 2 |
| SIRT3 | HGNC:14931 | 2 | 2 |
| RAF1 | HGNC:9829 | 2 | 2 |
| STRN | HGNC:11424 | 2 | 2 |
| FLII | HGNC:3750 | 2 | 2 |
| CPT1A | HGNC:2328 | 1 | 1 |
| CPT2 | HGNC:2330 | 1 | 1 |
| HADHA | HGNC:4801 | 1 | 1 |
| HADHB | HGNC:4803 | 1 | 1 |
| SLC25A20 | HGNC:1421 | 1 | 1 |
Associated variant records
Co-mentioned in the same publications| Variant | Identifier / context | Articles | Mentions |
|---|---|---|---|
| p.Glu510Gln | p.Glu510Gln | 1 | 1 |
| c.388C>T | c.388C>T | 1 | 1 |
| c.2887G>A | c.2887G>A | 1 | 1 |
| p.Gly963Arg | p.Gly963Arg | 1 | 1 |
| c.966+3A>G | c.966+3A>G | 1 | 1 |
| c.886+1219T>G | c.886+1219T>G | 1 | 1 |
| c.1177dup | c.1177dup | 1 | 1 |
| R219H | R219H | 1 | 1 |
| c.2729C>G | c.2729C>G | 1 | 1 |
| p.Ser910* | p.Ser910* | 1 | 1 |
| c.639G>A | c.639G>A | 1 | 1 |
| p.Trp213Ter | p.Trp213Ter | 1 | 1 |
| c.159del | c.159del | 1 | 1 |
| c.1402A>G | c.1402A>G | 1 | 1 |
| IVS18 | IVS18 | 1 | 1 |
| c.4751T>A | c.4751T>A | 1 | 1 |
| p.Gly3Arg | p.Gly3Arg | 1 | 1 |
| p.Arg32936His | p.Arg32936His | 1 | 1 |
| p.D588N | p.D588N | 1 | 1 |
| p.R450H | p.R450H | 1 | 1 |
| R450H | R450H | 1 | 1 |
| p.Asp1309Asn | p.Asp1309Asn | 1 | 1 |
| p.Glu924Lys | p.Glu924Lys | 1 | 1 |
| p.Glu768Lys | p.Glu768Lys | 1 | 1 |
| c.2302G>A | c.2302G>A | 1 | 1 |
| V30M | V30M | 1 | 1 |
| T119M | T119M | 1 | 1 |
| V122I | V122I | 1 | 1 |
| p.Phe154Leu | p.Phe154Leu | 1 | 1 |
| p.H166R | p.H166R | 1 | 1 |
| p.Arg417* | p.Arg417* | 1 | 1 |
| p.Gln336Arg | p.Gln336Arg | 1 | 1 |
| p.Gly243Arg | p.Gly243Arg | 1 | 1 |
| IVS32 | IVS32 | 1 | 1 |
| p.P46S | p.P46S | 1 | 1 |
| p.R2366H | p.R2366H | 1 | 1 |
| c.482A>G | c.482A>G | 1 | 1 |
| p.Y161C | p.Y161C | 1 | 1 |
| IVS11 | IVS11 | 1 | 1 |
| -3148C>G | -3148C>G | 1 | 1 |
| rs4808793 | rs4808793 | 1 | 1 |
| c.413T>A | c.413T>A | 1 | 1 |
| p.Met138Lys | p.Met138Lys | 1 | 1 |
| V600E | V600E | 1 | 1 |
| c.1310A>C | c.1310A>C | 1 | 1 |
| p.Glu437Ala | p.Glu437Ala | 1 | 1 |
| c.134C>A | c.134C>A | 1 | 1 |
| p.Ser45X | p.Ser45X | 1 | 1 |
| c.65C>A | c.65C>A | 1 | 1 |
| p.Ser22Ter | p.Ser22Ter | 1 | 1 |
Associated population records
Co-mentioned in the same publicationsSupporting publications
100 records- 2026Lifestyle Intervention Improves Parasympathetic Activity in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.American journal of lifestyle medicine1 mentions
- 2026Expanding the Potential of Gene Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.Current pharmaceutical design1 mentions
- 2026Reduced Penetrance and Variable Expression of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Associated With Homozygous Truncating Variants in NRAP Gene.Clinical genetics1 mentions
- 2026Chemo-/radiotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy: roles of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al]1 mentions
- 2026Advances in VT ablation for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: evidence, mapping and ablation strategies, and predictive factors.Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing1 mentions
- 2026Mitral valve prolapse from childhood to adulthood: morphologic characteristics and mitral regurgitation development. A single-centre echocardiographic study.Acta cardiologica1 mentions
- 2026Carvacrol alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats: Targeting Cuproptosis pathway.Toxicology and applied pharmacology1 mentions
- 2026Circular RNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism1 mentions
- 2026NRF2-mediated anti-ferroptotic pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic advances, and challenges in cardiovascular protection.Current problems in cardiology1 mentions
- 2026Epitranscriptomic regulation in cardiovascula disease: mechanistic roles and clinical implications of m6A RNA methylation in cardiac pathophysiology.Current problems in cardiology1 mentions
- 2026Targeting the underlying immune mechanism of diabetes-induced myocardial dysfunction via modulation of SIRT-3/p53/TIGAR/PFKFB-3 and SIRT-3/NF-κB signaling pathways as a potential controlling strategy.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie1 mentions
- 2026Efficacy and safety of hybrid cardiac telerehabilitation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and preserved ejection fraction: A randomized clinical trial.Kardiologia polska1 mentions
- 2026Giant Right Coronary Artery Aneurysm With Left Ventricular Fistula: A Rare Coronary Anomaly.JACC. Case reports1 mentions
- 2026Reappraising cardiac function with myocardial contraction fraction: normal values, disease detection, and prognostication.European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging1 mentions
- 2026Isolated transient ischemic dilation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A positron emission tomography imaging paradox with preserved myocardial flow reserve.Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology1 mentions
- 2026Electrocardiographic predictors of ventricular arrhythmic events in ICD recipients: signal beyond the left ventricular ejection fraction threshold.BMC cardiovascular disorders1 mentions
- 2026Internet of Medical Things Enabled Multimodal Framework: Deep Machine Learning for Chronic Cardiac Disease Prediction in Healthcare 5.0.Healthcare technology letters1 mentions
- 2026Total intravenous anesthesia for cardiac transplantation in a teenager with Becker muscular dystrophy: A case report.Saudi journal of anaesthesia1 mentions
- 2026Short-term outcomes of pediatric HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device: single center experience.ESC heart failure1 mentions
- 2026WDR59 Is Mutated in Individuals With Autosomal Recessive Syndromic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.Clinical genetics1 mentions
- 2026Empagliflozin and platelet-rich plasma improve stanozolol induced cardiotoxicity by reducing NF-κB/P65, IL-1B and apoptosis.BMC pharmacology & toxicology1 mentions
- 2026Emerging Pharmacological Strategies for Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Qualitative Analysis of Interventional Clinical Trials Registered on ClinicalTrials.Gov.Journal of clinical medicine1 mentions
- 2026Oral Immunization with the C488A Live-Attenuated Mutant of Coxsackievirus B4E2 (CVB4E2) Induces Potent Immune Response and Protects Balb/c Mice Against Lethal Infection.Viruses1 mentions
- 2026Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy by modulating glycemic control, oxidative stress-induced injury and inflammation regulation.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders1 mentions
- 2026Metabolic therapy for cardiovascular diseases with propionyl L-carnitine.Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology1 mentions
- 2026Anthracyclines and the Heart: A Double-edged Sword With Therapeutic Hopes.Journal of the Saudi Heart Association1 mentions
- 2026Trends in Cardiomyopathy and Atrial Fibrillation-Related Mortality Among US Adults, 1999-2024.Population health management1 mentions
- 2026Reversible Cardiomyopathy Induced by Adrenal Insufficiency: A Case Report.Cureus1 mentions
- 2026AI-Enabled Precision Echocardiography: Toward Personalized Cardiovascular Care.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)1 mentions
- 2026Glycohypoxia: a hypothesis linking chronic hyperglycemia to functional hypoxia and diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes.Medical gas research1 mentions
- 2026The multifaceted nature of Friedreich ataxia: strategies for comprehensive patient care.Neurodegenerative disease management1 mentions
- 2026L-Methionine attenuates methotrexate-induced cardiotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia in rats.Toxicology reports1 mentions
- 2026Delonix regia flower extract protects against diabetic cardiac remodeling via modulating eNOS/NO/cGMP and NF-κB/iNOS/TNF-α trajectories.The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology1 mentions
- 2026Left Ventricular Thrombus in Oncology Patients and Beyond: Imaging, Treatment Choices, and Duration.Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis1 mentions
- 2026Cardioprotective Role of 5,7,4'-Trimethoxy Flavanone Through PI3K/AKT-Nrf2 Signaling in Mice.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology1 mentions
- 2026Q fever endocarditis complicating biventricular failure: diagnostic and therapeutic insights from a case report and literature review.Frontiers in medicine1 mentions
- 2026Imaging Naxos disease and related cardiocutaneous syndromes: the NAXCARE multimodality approach.Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese1 mentions
- 2026Erdheim-Chester Disease: A Rare Presentation With Atrial Flutter and Severe Sinus Node Dysfunction.JACC. Case reports1 mentions
- 2026Robotic-assisted biventricular durable assist device implantation: The first in human experience.The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation1 mentions
- 2026Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan in a patient with metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer and pre-existing cardiac failure: a case report.AME case reports1 mentions
- 2026Adult case of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (HSD10) deficiency due to the p. Arg130Cys mutation of the HSD17B10 gene: case report.AME case reports1 mentions
- 2026IGF-1 attenuates high fat diet-elicited cardiomyopathy via arachidylcarnitine-dependent suppression of ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction.European journal of pharmacology1 mentions
- 2026Evaluating Artificial Intelligence-generated Patient Education Guides on Cardiomyopathies: A Cross-sectional Comparison of ChatGPT and DeepSeek Artificial Intelligence.Annals of African medicine1 mentions
- 2026Uncovering the gene variants in a global cohort of patients with unexplained increased left ventricular wall thickness using next-generation sequencing.BMC cardiovascular disorders1 mentions
- 2026Calcium Carbonate-Stabilized Nano-Caffeine Emulsion Attenuates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy via Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Fibrotic Pathways in Type 2 Diabetic Rats with HPLC-Quantified Cardiac Caffeine Levels.International journal of nanomedicine1 mentions
- 2026MUC13-Associated Molecular Interactome in Pancreatic Cancer.Computational and structural biotechnology journal1 mentions
- 2026Efficacy and safety of mavacamten in non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature1 mentions
- 2026Metformin as a potential therapeutic agent in broken heart syndrome: Targeting AMPK-dependent cardio-protection and microvascular function.Molecular biology reports1 mentions
- 2026Exploring the mechanisms and management of sepsis-related cardiac dysfunction.Acta cardiologica1 mentions
- 2026Fatal Infantile Cardiomyopathy Associated with a Homozygous MYL2 c.413T>A (p.Met138Lys) Variant: A Case Expanding the Recessive MYL2 Phenotypic Spectrum.Genes1 mentions
- 2026Cardioprotective effects of 3-N-Butylphthalide in diabetic cardiomyopathy: focus on balanced mitochondrial dynamics and pyroptosis pathways.The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology1 mentions
- 2026PCSK9 as a Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity Prevention: Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives.Cardiology in review1 mentions
- 2026Irisin mitigates diabetic cardiac damage and is associated with improved redox status and reduced p53/VCAM-1 mRNA expression in STZ-treated rats.Archives of biochemistry and biophysics1 mentions
- 2026Beyond Breathlessness Intensity: A Prospective Psychometric Validation of the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile in Heart Failure with Reduced and Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction.Journal of clinical medicine1 mentions
- 2026New Insights in Exercise for Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: A Narrative Review.CJC open1 mentions
- 2026Exploring the Role of Psychological Stress in TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY: The 'Broken Heart' Syndrome.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress1 mentions
- 2026The Impact of L Arginine's Anti-Apoptotic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Fibrotic Effects in Modulating Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: The Role of microRNA-155b in the Diagnosis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.International journal of molecular sciences1 mentions
- 2026Circulating levels of growth differentiation factor-15 and its genetic variants -3148C>G (rs4808793) in pediatric cardiac patients.World journal of clinical pediatrics1 mentions
- 2026Management of Arrhythmias During Pregnancy in Africa.Saudi medical journal1 mentions
- 2026The Calmodulin/Striatin Interaction Is Enhanced in Diabetic Hearts and Defines Novel Signaling Clusters Implicated in Cardiac Remodeling.ACS omega1 mentions
- 2026Electrophysiological Substrate and Ablation Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Propensity-Matched Multicenter Study.Journal of arrhythmia1 mentions
- 2026Leaflet Perforation as a Complication of Tricuspid Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair.JACC. Case reports1 mentions
- 2026The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 2026 Adult Heart Transplantation: A Contemporary Analysis of Trends and Outcomes by Recipient Sex.The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation1 mentions
- 2026Clinical spectrum, cardiac phenotypes, and outcomes of FHL1-related cardiomyopathies: a systematic review.BMC cardiovascular disorders1 mentions
- 2026Clinical utility of left atrioventricular coupling index to define the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.Medical ultrasonography1 mentions
- 2026Precision Cardiogenomics in Athletes.International journal of molecular sciences1 mentions
- 2026ZN002: A Novel Natural Product Small Molecule Inhibitor Targets the Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor (CAR) to Control Coxsackie B3 Viral Proliferation.Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates))1 mentions
- 2026Long-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorder Genes: A Comprehensive Genetic Database of LC-FAOD Variants, Genotypes, and Phenotypes.Human mutation1 mentions
- 2026Long-Term Treatment With Emapalumab in an Adult Patient With Refractory Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report.Case reports in hematology1 mentions
- 2026Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale (HFSPS) in an Omani Sample.SAGE open nursing1 mentions
- 2025Choice of revascularization strategy for ischemic cardiomyopathy due to multivessel coronary disease.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery1 mentions
- 2025Assessment for Diabetic Neuropathy: Treatment and Neurobiological Perspective.Current diabetes reviews1 mentions
- 2025Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of SERCA2a gene-modified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in male albino rats.Folia morphologica1 mentions
- 2025Clinical and echocardiographic predictors of outcome in liver transplant patients.Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace1 mentions
- 2025ME2 Deficiency Is Associated With Recessive Neurodevelopmental Disorder.Clinical genetics1 mentions
- 2025Role of biomarkers in early diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac amyloidosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Current problems in cardiology1 mentions
- 2025The enigmatic role of SIRT2 in the cardiovascular system: Deciphering its protective and detrimental actions to unlock new avenues for therapeutic intervention.Current problems in cardiology1 mentions
- 2025Advanced Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A Systematic Review of Select Cardiac Diseases.The Medical clinics of North America1 mentions
- 2025HCM-Echo-VAR-Ensemble: Deep Ensemble Fusion to Detect Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Echocardiograms.IEEE open journal of engineering in medicine and biology1 mentions
- 2025Targeting senescence and GATA4 in age-related cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive approach.Biogerontology1 mentions
- 2025First Case of Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica in an 82-Year-Old Patient From Saudi Arabia.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology1 mentions
- 2025Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Low and Ultra-Low Ejection Fraction: A Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Care Center.Journal of clinical medicine1 mentions
- 2025"First-in-human" totally robotic orthotopic heart transplant.The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation1 mentions
- 2025Remodeling of the cardiac striatin interactome and its dynamics in the diabetic heart.Scientific reports1 mentions
- 2025Combinatorial approach to treat iron overload cardiomyopathy in pediatric patients with thalassemia-major: A systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of cardiology1 mentions
- 2025Review Article--Exercise and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Risks, Benefits, and Safety - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of the Saudi Heart Association1 mentions
- 2025Genotype and cardiac outcome in patients with cardiocutaneous syndrome (Naxos disease variant: Carvajal syndrome).Orphanet journal of rare diseases1 mentions
- 2025Metformin-mediated protection against Immunosenescence in diabetic cardiomyopathy: The potential roles of GDF-15 and klotho proteins.International immunopharmacology1 mentions
- 2025A Multidimensional Approach to Understanding Genetic Diversity, Risk Stratification, and Personalized Interventions in Pediatric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.Current problems in cardiology1 mentions
- 2025Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in a 4-year-old boy due to compound heterozygous NDUFV1 mutation: a case report of a new pathogenic variant.Oxford medical case reports1 mentions
- 2025Impact of Elevated Troponin Level at the Time of Sepsis Recognition on the Clinical Outcomes: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.Journal of the American Heart Association1 mentions
- 2025Dual-morphology Bundle Branch Re-entrant Ventricular Tachycardia in Non-dilated Cardiomyopathy.The Journal of innovations in cardiac rhythm management1 mentions
- 2025A Mendelian randomization analysis of cardiac MRI measurements as surrogate outcomes for heart failure and atrial fibrillation.Communications medicine1 mentions
- 2025Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Cardiomyopathy: Diagnostic and Prognostic Insights.Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)1 mentions
- 2025Dual Treatment of Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy and Parasitic Burden via Combination Nanotherapy.ACS nano1 mentions
- 2025Anthracycline-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Prevalence and Risk Factors Among Pediatric Cancer Patients in a Tertiary Care Center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Cureus1 mentions
- 2025The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Phenotype of Lamin Heart Disease.JACC. Cardiovascular imaging1 mentions
- 2025Phytochemical Analysis and Protective Effect of Desmodium gyrans DC in Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy and Isoproterenol-induced Myocardial Infarction.Chemistry & biodiversity1 mentions
- 2025Uncovering dendritic cell specific biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiomyopathy using single cell RNA sequencing and comprehensive bioinformatics analysis.Scientific reports1 mentions
- 2025Unleashing the cardioprotective potential of berberine against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: Innovative exploitation of the peculiar antipyroptotic/antioxidant/anti-inflammatory capacity via modulation of inflammasome/caspase-1/interleukin pathway in rats.International immunopharmacology1 mentions